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2014年7月8日 星期二

Rosabeth Moss Kanter on How Corporations of the Future Will Behave 哈佛教授談未來企業理念?





Rosabeth Moss Kanter on How Corporations of the Future Will Behave

Rosabeth Moss Kanter

Be prepared for a future in which the concept of a corporation-how it's structured, how it's governed-will vary widely. But the conduct of corporations will converge on a few universal standards and norms.

Consider this example. For a recent Harvard program about business leadership in China, I convened a panel of chief executives from four very different companies: China Mobile, a state-owned enterprise and the largest mobile-telephone operator in the world; Esquel Group, a family apparel company that had left China for Hong Kong, then returned; IBM Greater China, the multinational IBM business unit on the ground in China; and a software startup that at the time was operating in Shanghai, incorporated in Delaware, had investors in Asia and the U.S., and used a bank in Silicon Valley.

The types of ownership and governance of the companies ranged over a wide spectrum. But as the panel discussion progressed, it became clear that each business was strikingly similar in its imperatives and aspirations. Each CEO talked about competing for talent from a new generation whose members value meaningful work in addition to a good salary, creating a culture for constant innovation, striving for more open communication, considering longer time horizons and serving local communities.

Next Year's Models

The fact that this conversation took place in China is itself a harbinger of the future. Nearly 100 Chinese companies are now among the world's 500 largest, ranked by revenue, closing in on the number of U.S.-based giants. Emerging-country powerhouses have been acquiring Western icons (India's Mittal has bought France's Arcelor, Tata Motors bought Jaguar and Land Rover, and Brazil's AmBev acquired Anheuser-Busch and Belgium's InBev). This promises further proliferation of corporate forms, especially when U.S. concepts are no longer held up as the dominant models.

New forms of ownership and governance will include Asian-style state-owned or government-linked enterprises, such as Singapore's Temasek; German-style dual supervisory and management boards; customer or employee-owned financial, retail and producer cooperatives, such as France's Crédit Agricole or Canada's Desjardins; 'B' corporations established for profits plus social benefit; alliances and consortia such as Visa and MasterCard; charities that run businesses, like Germany's Robert Bosch Foundation; family-owned, private-equity-held or venture-capital-funded enterprises; and the X Factor of partnerships still to be invented.

Yet, corporations of all types will have some things in common wherever they originate or operate. They will be globally connected, technologically enabled, humanly diverse and socially accountable. They will have to be. Customers, the media and the public will increasingly demand it.

Quiet Revolution

While inevitable battles will rage, for example, over which government sets food-safety standards, or agrees to a global environmental-protection treaty, many large companies will engineer a quiet convergence of standards that will gradually affect every business. Cemex, for example, the global cement company with headquarters in Mexico, decided after its first entry into Spain to be 'one Cemex' and to operate by a single set of standards everywhere, enabling dramatic growth through acquisitions in the U.S., Egypt, Europe and Australia. When Shinhan Financial Group in South Korea sought listing on the New York Stock Exchange soon after a merger, it was seeking legitimacy, not just capital, by showing compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley, which it considered the world's highest standard. Internet governance will be globalized, as will continuing efforts at interoperability among mobile-telecom operators.

Convergence will increase because companies compare themselves with one another across wide territories, and so will their smartphone-using, Web-empowered customers. Being determinedly local will be a choice, not an unconscious default position. A neighborhood grocer serving local produce must compete with nearby international chain supermarkets offering goods flown in from the opposite ends of the Earth. At the same time, large corporations must watch disruptive startups and small businesses with innovative products; Coca-Cola bought Honest Tea, making the upstart beverage brewer its entree into healthy-bottled-drinks markets of the future. As technology evolves and cloud computing hovers everywhere, small businesses will have access to the same inputs as large ones.

If companies didn't begin with a culture of purpose and principles, an internationally, ethnically diverse membership will demand it, as universal values and ethical codes facilitate communication, coordination and cooperation. More companies will be shape-shifting bundles of activities, designed for flexibility rather than stability and predictability.

To deal with a rapidly changing environment and the fluid boundaries of business units that come and go, more work will be done by crosscutting project teams, and there will be more bottom-up self-organizing-a matrix on steroids. Companies will embrace the always-on, always-accessible, democratizing communication of social media, or fall behind.

They will be less headquarters-centric, because all wisdom no longer emanates from Armonk, Cincinnati, Bangalore or Beijing. Like Google and Facebook, their power will come not from their number of employees but from the size of their partnership network. A small core with a wide set of loosely affiliated partners is itself a new organizational form.

Dark Side

There is a dark side. Being globally integrated can slide into being globally manipulative. 'Corporate greed' won't disappear by itself. Large companies can play one country off against another, looking for tax shelters or tax breaks, ready to move and leave scorched earth behind. But the spotlight of transparency will shine, like it or not. Media activism is likely to grow along with 'triple bottom lines.' In addition to financial statements, requirements for environmental and social reporting are emerging in the European Union, Brazil and Australia, among other places.

Thus, corporations of the future will have to forge a new social contract with society. Their conduct will matter more than their legal form. Stakeholders, including financial shareholders, are watching. To gain trust and legitimacy, companies must be responsible citizens wherever they operate. That includes more than employee volunteerism in community-service projects; it means paying their taxes and paying their way, including the price of 'externalities' such as carbon emissions.

And they must figure out, maybe before nations do, how to find universal values that help them work cooperatively across borders. After all, world peace and prosperity is also good for business.

Dr. Kanter holds the Ernest L. Arbuckle professorship at Harvard Business School, and is the author of 'SuperCorp' and 'Confidence.' 

哈佛教授談未來企業理念

準備好迎接全新的未來企業理念吧。在公司架構以及管理機制上,未來的企業理念都與目前的大為不同。不過盡管企業類型不同,在運營的普遍標準和規范上未來卻會趨于相同。

Rosabeth Moss Kanter

備好迎接全新的未來企業理念吧。在公司架構以及管理機制上,未來的企業理念都與目前的大為不同。不過盡管企業類型不同,在運營的普遍標準和規范上未來卻會趨于相同。

以下舉例來說。在最近一個關于中國商業領導力的哈佛(Harvard)項目中,筆者召集了四家不同企業的首席執行長舉行座談。第一家公司是中國移動有限公司(China Mobile Ltd., 0941.HK, 簡稱﹕中國移動),這是一家國有企業,同時也是全球最大的移動電話運營商。第二家公司是溢達集團(Esquel Group),這是一間家族式服裝企業,曾經離開大陸去香港發展,后又返回大陸。第三家公司為IBM Greater China,它是跨國企業國際商業機器公司(IBM)的中國業務子公司。第四家公司為一家創業型軟件企業,在項目進行時,這家公司在上海運營,其注冊地點在特拉華州,在亞洲和美國均有投資者,銀行賬戶位于美國硅谷。

從企業所有權到管理機制,這四家公司都大不相同。但是隨著座談小組討論逐漸深入,有一點變得愈發明顯,即每一家企業在必須履行的責任和愿景方面極為相似。每一位首席執行長均談到了爭奪新一代優秀人才的問題,全新一代的人既看重良好的報酬,也關注工作的意義。這些首席執行長們還談到了其他問題,包括創建不斷創新的公司氛圍、努力進行更為開放的溝通交流、著眼更為長遠的未來以及為本地社區服務。

未來的模式


這次座談之所以在中國舉行,是因為中國本身就預示著未來。按收入排名,中國目前有近100家公司躋身全球前500家最大企業行列,這已接近美國大型公司在其中的數量。新興市場國家中實力較強的公司一直在收購西方的老牌企業,例如印度的米塔爾(Mittal)收購了法國的安賽樂(Arcelor),Tata Motors收購了捷豹(Jaguar)和路虎(Land Rover),巴西的AmBev收購了Anheuser-Busch和比利時的英博啤酒(InBev)。這預示企業形式未來將更加多樣,尤其是在美國模式已不再被奉為主導模式的情況下。


Harvard Business School
新的所有權和治理形式將包括以下幾種:亞洲式的國有或政府背景企業,例如新加坡的淡馬錫(Temasek);德國式的雙重監督和管理委員會型企業;客戶或雇員所有的金融、零售和生產合作社,例如法國的農業信貸集團(Credit Agricole)和加拿大的Desjardins;以盈利和社會福利為目的“B”型企業;聯盟和合作型企業,例如Visa和MasterCard;經營型的慈善企業,例如德國的Robert Bosch Foundation;家族所有,但有私募股權入股或風險資本注資的企業;以及尚未出現的未知類型合夥企業。

然而,不管創始地和運營地在哪里,各種類型的企業都將有一些共同之處。它們都將是全球聯通、有技術擅長、人力多元化以及具有社會責任感的企業。它們需要成為這樣的企業。消費者、媒體以及公眾也會愈發要求它們成為這樣的企業。

無聲的變革

爭執的出現將不可避免,例如在應該由哪國政府設定食品安全標準、或者應該由哪國政府簽署全球環保條約等問題上肯定會存在爭議,但許多大型公司將悄無聲息地對相關標準進行融合,進而逐步影響到每一家企業。舉例來說,總部位於墨西哥的全球水泥公司Cemex在首次進入西班牙市場後決定維持公司標準的統一性,對全球其他地方的業務實施統一的標準,這使得該公司通過收購美國、埃及、歐洲和澳大利亞的資產實現了令人矚目的增長。新韓金融集團(Shinhan Financial Group)在完成一項併購交易後尋求在紐約證券交所上市時,這家公司追求的不僅是資本,還有外界對該公司地位的認可:該公司遵守被其視為最高標準的美國薩班斯-奧克斯利法案(Sarbanes-Oxley)。互聯網治理將變得更為全球化,移動電信運營商之間的互通性也將繼續加深。

由於不同地域的企業相互會進行比較,因此各企業之間的趨同的程度將上升,這些企業的智能手機使用情況和網絡客戶也會出現趨同。堅持本土化將變成一種選擇,而不再是一種無需思考自然而然的立場。一家提供本地商品的社區雜貨店必須與附近有能力供應產自地球另一邊商品的國際連鎖超市展開競爭。與此同時,大型企業必須關注各類生產創新產品的初創企業和小企業。可口可樂(Coca-Cola)收購了Honest Tea,使這家飲料行業的新秀成為這家飲料巨頭未來健康瓶裝飲料市場的一部分。隨著科技的不斷發展,以及雲計算的普及,小企業將擁有與大企業一樣的資源。

如果企業在成立之初并沒有使命感和原則性這種文化,那么國際化的、遵守道德的“成員多元化”會要求建立這種文化,因為普適性價值觀和道德準則能夠促進溝通、協同與合作。越來越多的企業會成為從事各種活動的“變形體”,注重靈活性而不是穩定性和可預測性。

為了應對快速變化的環境和界限模糊的業務部門劃分,就需要通過交叉剪接項目團隊的方式做更多的工作,而且會出現更多自下而上的自發組織——這是一種打了雞血的“母體” (錯)。企業要善于利用社交媒體永遠在線、永遠在服務的民主化溝通環境,否則就會落伍。

這些企業不會像以往那樣以總部為中心,因為資源不再只是集中在阿蒙克市、辛辛那提、班加羅爾或北京等企業總部常設地。像谷歌(Google)和Facebook一樣,這些企業的力量將不是來自他們員工的人數,而是來自其合作伙伴網絡的規模。一個小規模的核心加上覆蓋廣泛的一系列松散關聯的合作伙伴本身就是一種新的組織形式。

缺陷

確實存在缺陷。擁有全球化整合的結構也為實施全球化的操縱開了方便之門。公司的貪婪本性不會自動消失。大型公司會挑撥國家之間的關係,以達到避稅或獲得稅項減免的目的,這些公司隨時準備在為害一方之後拔腿走人。但不管喜不喜歡,信息透明的聚光燈將照亮每個角落。媒體維權行動可能將與“三重業績”理念一同發展壯大。在歐盟、巴西和澳大利亞等地,除了財務業績之外,企業還需要公佈在環境責任和社會責任方面是否達標。

這樣,未來的企業必須與社會締結一種新的社會契約。企業的行為比它們的法律形式更加重要。包括股東在內的各個利益相關方都在觀察。為了獲得信任和社會各界的認可,企業無論在哪裡運營首先必須是負責任的企業公民。這不僅包括讓僱員參加社區志願者服務項目,還意味著納稅和支付其他費用,比如像碳排放這種環境污染費。

另外,企業還必須要解決如何找到幫助它們進行跨國界合作的普世價值的問題,也許還要在國家層面解決這一問題之前。畢竟,世界和平與繁榮也對企業的業務有利的。

Rosabeth Moss Kanter是哈佛商學院(Harvard Business School)教授﹐撰有《超級企業》(SuperCorp)、《信心》(Confidence) 等書。


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