台灣有幾本Sadat 總統的書，可對於在位30年的
Hosni Mubarak，似乎還沒書。
這可能是台灣退出聯合國，不關心世界大事。
In April 1975, President Anwar Sadat appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt.
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak[a] (4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973.[2] He assumed the presidency after President Anwar Sadat assassination in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848.[3] Mubarak stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations.[4] On February 11, 2011, former Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak and he had resigned as president and vice president respectively and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.[5][6]
On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and both of his sons (Alaa and Gamal) to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power.[7] Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution.[8] These trials began on 3 August 2011.[9] On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial.[10] On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences.[11] Mubarak was detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court.[12] He was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and released on 24 March 2017.[13][14]
Hosni Mubarak
| |
|---|---|
حسني مبارك
| |
Mubarak in 2009
| |
| 4th President of Egypt | |
| In office 14 October 1981 – 11 February 2011 | |
| Prime Minister | |
| Vice President | Omar Suleiman[a] |
| Preceded by | Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Interim) |
| Prime Minister of Egypt | |
| In office 7 October 1981 – 2 January 1982 | |
| President | Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting) Himself |
| Preceded by | Anwar Sadat |
| Succeeded by | Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin |
| 15th Vice-President of Egypt | |
| In office 16 April 1975 – 14 October 1981 | |
| President | Anwar Sadat |
| Preceded by | Hussein el-Shafei Mahmoud Fawzi |
| Succeeded by | Omar Suleiman[a] |
| Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement | |
| In office 16 July 2009 – 11 February 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Raúl Castro |
| Succeeded by | Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting) |
| Commander of the Air Force | |
| In office 23 April 1972 – 16 April 1975 | |
| President | Anwar Sadat |
| Preceded by | Ali Mustafa Baghdady |
| Succeeded by | Mahmoud Shaker |
| Director of the Egyptian Air Academy | |
| In office November 1967 – June 1969[1] | |
| Preceded by | Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros |
| Succeeded by | Mahmoud Shaker |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak
4 May 1928 Kafr-El Meselha, Egypt |
| Died | 25 February 2020 (aged 91) Cairo, Egypt |
| Political party | National Democratic Party (1978–2011) |
| Spouse(s) |
Suzanne Thabet (m. 1959)
|
| Children | |
| Alma mater | Egyptian Military Academy Egyptian Air Academy Frunze Military Academy |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Egypt |
| Branch/service |  Egyptian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1950–1975 |
| Rank |  – Air Chief Marshal[2] |
| Commands | Egyptian Air Force Egyptian Air Academy Beni Suef Air Base Cairo West Air Base |
| a. ^ Office vacant from 14 October 1981 to 29 January 2011 b. ^ as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces c.^ c. military rank withdrawn after tria | |
Talent slowly drained from Egypt’s government as Hosni Mubarak rewarded loyalty over competence
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