諾貝爾獎得主 (名字待查)的數學模型
****
***
2.6 Sputnik V疫苗成搶手
匈牙利不管歐盟，自己用Sputnik V疫苗
A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). Prior to the COVID‑19 pandemic, work to develop a vaccine against coronavirus diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) established knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses; this knowledge enabled accelerated development of various vaccine technologies during early 2020.[1]
As of February 2021, 66 vaccine candidates are in clinical research, including 17 in Phase I trials, 23 in Phase I–II trials, 6 in Phase II trials, and 20 in Phase III trials.[2] Trials for four other candidates were terminated.[2] In Phase III trials, several COVID‑19 vaccines demonstrate efficacy as high as 95% in preventing symptomatic COVID‑19 infections. As of February 2021, ten vaccines are authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use: two RNA vaccines (the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine and the Moderna vaccine), four conventional inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV from Sinopharm, BBV152 from Bharat Biotech, CoronaVac from Sinovac, and WIBP from Sinopharm), three viral vector vaccines (Sputnik V from the Gamaleya Research Institute, the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, and Ad5-nCoV from CanSino Biologics), and one peptide vaccine (EpiVacCorona from the Vector Institute).[2]
Many countries have implemented phased distribution plans that prioritize those at highest risk of complications, such as the elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers.[3] As of 13 February 2021, 171.35 million doses of COVID‑19 vaccine have been administered worldwide based on official reports from national health agencies.[4] Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca predicted a manufacturing capacity of 5.3 billion doses in 2021, which could be used to vaccinate about 3 billion people (as the vaccines require two doses for a protective effect against COVID‑19). By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered by countries,[5] with about half of the doses purchased by high-income countries comprising 14% of the world's population.[6]
嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫苗是針對嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎（COVID-19）的旨在提供獲得性免疫力的疫苗。在COVID-19大流行之前，開發針對冠狀病毒疾病的疫苗的工作嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒（SARS）和中東呼吸症候群冠狀病毒（MERS）已經建立了關於冠狀病毒結構和功能的知識，從而在2020年初加速了COVID-19疫苗的各種技術平台的開發。
到2020年12月中旬，已有57種候選疫苗進入臨床研究，包括40種I/II期臨床試驗和17種II/III期臨床試驗。 在III期臨床試驗中，幾種COVID-19疫苗在預防症狀性COVID-19感染的效力高達95％[1] 。目前九種疫苗獲得至少一個國家監管機構的批准：兩種RNA疫苗（輝瑞-BioNTech的Tozinameran和莫德納的mRNA-1273），三種常規不活化疫苗（國藥集團的BBIBP-CorV、巴拉特生技的BBV152、和科興生物的克爾來福），三種病毒載體疫苗（加馬列亞流行病與微生物學國家研究中心的衛星V、牛津大學和阿斯利康製藥的AZD1222、康希諾生物的Ad5-nCoV），以及一種肽疫苗（俄羅斯國家病毒學與生物技術研究中心的EpiVacCorona）。
許多國家已經實施了分階段的分配計劃，優先考慮併發症風險最高的人群（例如老年人）和暴露、傳播風險較高的人群（例如醫護人員）[2]。根據國家衛生機構的官方報告，截至2021年1月8日，全球已施用1770萬劑COVID-19疫苗[3]。輝瑞公司，莫德納公司和阿斯利康製藥公司預測，到2021年，其生產能力將達到53億劑，可用於為約30億人接種疫苗（因為疫苗需要兩劑才能對COVID-19起到保護作用[4]）。 到12月，各國已預訂購了超過100億劑疫苗[5]，大約一半的疫苗是由高收入國家購買的，僅占世界人口的14％[6]。
---
SEOUL: South Korea said on Monday (Feb 15) it will not use AstraZeneca's coronavirus vaccine on people aged 65 and older, reversing an earlier decision, and scaled back initial vaccination targets due to delayed shipments from global vaccine-sharing scheme COVAX.
South Korea had said it would complete vaccinations on 1.3 million people by the first quarter of this year with AstraZeneca shots, but it slashed the target sharply to 750,000.
The decision is largely due to adjustments in the supply timetable of the 2.6 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine from COVAX, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) said on Monday.
It did not mention any production issues in Europe for the delayed schedule, which it put down to administrative processes at COVAX, and reiterated that its plan to reach herd immunity by November remained intact.
"We do not believe the adjustments in inoculations in February and March will impact our goal of herd immunity by November," KDCA director Jeong Eun-kyeong told a briefing.
South Korea also reversed its earlier plan on the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine and said it would delay inoculation of the elderly using the shot until more efficacy data becomes available.
South Korean authorities said last week they would grant their first approval for a coronavirus vaccine to AstraZeneca, and would allow its use on the elderly, despite warnings from advisory panels about a lack of data on its efficacy in older patients.
Several European countries have warned that AstraZeneca Oxford University's shot should only be given to those ages 18 to 64, but the company has said it triggers a good immune response in older people.
South Korea's first vaccinations will begin on Feb 26, with healthcare workers and vulnerable residents, including the elderly, the first in line.
----某些"後起/睡醒"的大藥廠的"急追版"
As pharmaceutical companies raced to develop Covid-19 vaccines, crossing the finishing line in record time, the world’s three biggest vaccine makers were also-rans. GlaxoSmithKline, Merck and Sanofi are now left playing catch-up, after upstarts including Moderna and BioNTech demonstrated their mastery of new technologies that will shape the industry for years to come.
